The Effect of Social Capacity Building on the Economic Participation of Female Heads of Household under the Welfare Organization of Tehran Province

Abstract

This study aimed to explain the direct and indirect effects of social capacity building on women’s economic participation through the mediating role of empowerment within the institutional framework of the Tehran Welfare Organization. This applied study employed a descriptive–correlational survey design. The statistical population included all female heads of household aged 25–49 covered by Tehran Welfare Organization (approximately 3,300 individuals). Based on Cochran’s formula, 384 participants were required; finally, 448 valid questionnaires were analyzed. Systematic random sampling was used. Data were collected using a 65-item researcher-developed questionnaire whose content validity (CVR=0.89) and reliability (Cronbach’s α=0.74–0.91) were confirmed. Data analysis was conducted through multiple regression and path analysis using SPSS. Social capacity building significantly predicted economic participation (R²=0.27, p<0.001). Among its components, formal institutions were the strongest predictor (β=0.359, p<0.001), whereas social capital showed no significant effect (β=0.079, p=0.117). Empowerment exerted a strong mediating effect on economic participation (β=0.442, p<0.001). Structural–cultural challenges negatively influenced participation (β=-0.141, p=0.003), while policy interventions demonstrated a positive effect (β=0.192, p<0.001). The findings indicate that sustainable economic participation of female heads of household can only be achieved through the integrated strengthening of formal institutions, individual empowerment programs, and structural reforms, whereas isolated welfare interventions yield limited long-term effectiveness.