ارزیابی عوامل مؤثر بر آموزش کارآفرینی در سطح ابتدائی
کلمات کلیدی:
آموزش کارآفرینی, مدارس ابتدائی, سیاستهای آموزش کارآفرینی, فرهنگ کارآفرینانهچکیده
هدف این پژوهش، ارزیابی و سطحبندی عوامل مؤثر بر آموزش کارآفرینی در مدارس ابتدایی و تبیین روابط اثرگذاری و اثرپذیری میان این عوامل با استفاده از روشهای دیمتل و مدلسازی ساختاری تفسیری بود. این پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی و از نظر روش، آمیخته اکتشافی بود. مطالعه در دو مرحله انجام شد؛ در مرحله نخست، روابط علّی میان عوامل با استفاده از تکنیک دیمتل تحلیل شد و در مرحله دوم، سطحبندی عوامل با روش مدلسازی ساختاری تفسیری انجام گرفت. جامعه آماری بخش دیمتل شامل 35 نفر از خبرگان و متخصصان حوزه آموزش کارآفرینی بود که با روش نمونهگیری هدفمند و گلولهبرفی انتخاب شدند. همچنین، 15 نفر از این خبرگان در مرحله مدلسازی ساختاری تفسیری مشارکت داشتند. ابزار گردآوری دادهها پرسشنامه مقایسه زوجی مبتنی بر هشت عامل اصلی بود. یافتههای حاصل از مرور ادبیات نشان داد که عوامل مؤثر شامل قوانین و سیاستهای مرتبط با کارآفرینی مدارس، شبکهسازی و مشارکت ذینفعان، روشهای آموزش کارآفرینی، ساختار سازمانی، محتوای برنامههای درسی کارآفرینانه، ویژگیها و صلاحیتهای معلمان، فرهنگ کارآفرینانه مدرسه و ویژگیهای مدیران مدارس بودند. نتایج تحلیل دیمتل نشان داد که متغیرهای «روشهای آموزش کارآفرینی»، «شبکهسازی و مشارکت بین ذینفعان داخلی و بیرونی» و «فرهنگ کارآفرینانه مدرسه» بیشترین میزان اثرگذاری را در میان عوامل دارند. همچنین، «ویژگیها و صلاحیتهای معلمان»، «قوانین و سیاستهای مرتبط با کارآفرینی مدارس»، «محتوای برنامههای درسی کارآفرینانه»، «ساختار سازمانی» و «ویژگیهای مدیران مدارس» بیشترین میزان اثرپذیری را نشان دادند. یافتههای مدلسازی ساختاری تفسیری نیز بیانگر آن بود که «ویژگیهای مدیران مدارس» و «روشهای آموزش کارآفرینی» متغیرهای وابسته، «ساختار سازمانی»، «فرهنگ کارآفرینانه»، «ویژگیهای معلمان» و «محتوای برنامههای درسی» متغیرهای پیوندی، و «قوانین و سیاستها» و «شبکهسازی با ذینفعان» متغیرهای مستقل بودند. همچنین، عوامل در قالب یک مدل چهارسطحی سازماندهی شدند که در آن قوانین و سیاستها در بنیادیترین سطح و فرهنگ کارآفرینانه و روشهای آموزش در سطوح وابسته قرار گرفتند. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که توسعه آموزش کارآفرینی در مدارس ابتدایی مستلزم ایجاد سیاستهای حمایتی، گسترش شبکهسازی میان مدرسه و ذینفعان بیرونی، تقویت فرهنگ کارآفرینانه مدرسه و بهبود روشهای تدریس کارآفرینانه است. همچنین، مدیران و معلمان به عنوان عوامل کلیدی در اجرای موفق آموزش کارآفرینی نقش تعیینکنندهای دارند. بنابراین، اصلاح ساختارهای آموزشی و تدوین سیاستهای هدفمند میتواند زمینهساز شکلگیری مدارس کارآفرین و پرورش نسل خلاق و نوآور در نظام آموزشی باشد.
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حق نشر 2026 Najmeh Mashrouhifard (Author); Parivash Jafari; Seyed Rasoul Hosseini (Author)

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