Presenting an Explanatory Model of Socio-Economic Development Typology in the Imam Ali Government with a Sociological Approach for Comparative Analysis with the Fundamental Components of the Welfare State

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a culturally rooted and justice-centered model of socio-economic development based on Alavi governance and to compare it with the fundamental components of the welfare state to provide a localized framework for social policymaking. A qualitative exploratory design using thematic analysis was employed. The study population consisted of experts in sociology, Islamic political thought, and social policy selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews with 15 experts and document analysis of Nahj al-Balagha, Ghurar al-Hikam, and historical seerah sources. Data were coded through open, axial, and selective coding, and the ISM technique was used to identify hierarchical relationships among the dimensions. The findings revealed six main dimensions underpinning socio-economic development in Alavi governance: governance efficiency, economic justice, social justice, public participation, public welfare and livelihood, and social innovation and dynamism. ISM results showed governance efficiency at the foundational level, economic justice, social justice, and public participation at the intermediate level, and public welfare and social innovation at the outcome level. The Alavi model represents a justice-oriented, participatory, and ethical approach to development. While it overlaps with the welfare state in practical indicators, it diverges fundamentally in its value orientation, ultimate goals, and state–society relations, offering a culturally embedded alternative for Islamic societies.